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There was a general agreement among the workshop participants that a variety of robust, sensitive
and field compatible techniques are in place to enable at minimum, on site if not
in situ
analysis
of metal speciation in a variety of aquatic environments. Future commercialization of these
technologies was viewed as largely market, rather than base technology limited. This market
limitation is based in part on the lack of societal awareness and even apathy regarding the
significance of metal biogeochemistry to ecosystem function. Sound science coupled with public
outreach describing the habitat specific nature and influence of dissolved metal speciation on
biological processes is encouraged. In particular, a cross technology standardized definition of
bioactive labile metals needs to be developed to facilitate acceptance of speciation measurements
into regulatory criteria. Additional R&D investment may be encouraged by identifying cross-
market applications (e.g. biomedical, industrial process control) of these analytical techniques.
Buffle, J., and G. Horvai. 2000. General Concepts. Pages 1-17 in J. Buffle and G. Horvai, eds.
In
situ monitoring of aquatic systems - chemical analysis and speciation
. John Wiley & Sons,
LTD, Chichester.
Buffle, J., and M.-L. Tercier-Waeber. 2005. Voltammetric environmental trace-metal analysis and
speciation: from laboratory to
in situ
measurements.
Trends in Analytical Chemistry
24:
172-191.
Davison, W., G. Fones, M. Harper, P. Teasdale, and H. Zhang. 2000. Dialysis, DET and DGT: In
situ diffusional techniques for studying water, sediments and soils. Pages 495-561 in J.
Buffle and G. Horvai, eds.
In situ monitoring of aquatic systems - chemical analysis and
speciation
. John Wiley & Sons, LTD, Chichester.
Johnson, K. S., Elrod, V.A., Nowicki, J.L, Coale, K.H., Zamzow, H. 2000. Continuous flow
techniques for on site and
in situ
measurements of metals and nutrients in sea water. Pages
223-252 in J. Buffle and G. Horvai, eds.
In situ monitoring of aquatic systems - chemical
analysis and speciation
. John Wiley & Sons, LTD, Chichester.
Luther, G. W., III, P. J. Brendel, B. L. Lewis, B. Sundby, L. LeFrançois, N. Silverberg and D. B.
Nuzzio. 1998. Simultaneous measurement of O2, Mn, Fe, I- and S(-II) in marine
porewaters with a solid-state voltammetric micro electrode,
Limnology and
Oceanography
43, 325-333.
R
EFERENCES
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ONCLUSIONS
ACT Workshop on Trace Metal Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17